4种药剂除治红叶石楠容器苗杂草药效试验

用24%乙氧氟草醚EC、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、24%乙氧氟草醚EC+10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC、33%二甲戊乐灵EC 4种药剂对红叶石楠容器苗进行杂草除治试验。结果表明:用24%乙氧氟草醚EC20 mL/667m2进行杂草防治,药后30d株防效为65.6%、鲜重防效为80.8%,均明显好于其它3种药剂的除草效果,且对苗木较为安全,基本上能达到除治杂草的目的。     

温度和水分胁迫下内生真菌对野大麦种子发芽的影响

本文通过比较携带(E+)和未携带(E-)内生真菌(Neotyphodium)的野大麦种子(Hordeum brevisubulatum)在温度胁迫和模拟干旱胁迫条件下种子的发芽速度、发芽率、根苗长以及幼苗含水量等方面的差异,探讨了内生真菌在对宿主植物抗逆境胁迫条件下的增益作用。结果表明:在10℃,15℃低温胁迫和30℃高温胁迫时,E+种子的发芽率、发芽指数显著大于E-种子(P<0.05);而在模拟干旱胁迫条件下,-0.6~-1.2 MPa时,E+的发芽率和发芽指数显著高于E-(P<0.05)。表明内生真菌可以提高禾草在温度和干旱胁迫下的发芽率和发芽速度。另外,在10℃,15℃低温和30℃高温,及渗透势为-0.3~-1.2 MPa胁迫条件下,E+的胚根长、胚芽长和幼苗含水量也显著大于E-(P<0.05),表明内生真菌可以促进宿主植物在温度和干旱胁迫环境中发芽后幼苗的生长,并增强植株自主吸收水分的能力。     

草鱼BAC文库中TLR3基因的筛选及表达特征的研究

【目的】从草鱼的BAC文库中筛选TLR3基因的阳性克隆,研究该基因在草鱼体内的表达规律,为进一步研究奠定基础。【方法】用同位素P32标记的探针,对53 216个BAC克隆以双份平行形式制备的DNA尼龙膜进行杂交筛选,用半定量方法检测TLR3在草鱼不同组织(鳃、心脏、肠、肝胰脏、肌肉、皮肤、脾脏、头肾和中肾)中的表达模式,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR研究草鱼感染呼肠孤病毒后不同时间TLR3的表达规律。【结果】获得了2个TLR3基因的阳性BAC克隆,该基因在被检测的9个组织中都有表达,其中在脾脏、皮肤中的表达量较高。在感染呼肠孤病毒后24 h,草鱼肝胰脏中TLR3的相对表达量显著升高(P0.05);感染后48 h,其相对表达量恢复到正常水平(P0.05)。【结论】成功筛选到草鱼TLR3的BAC克隆,该基因在草鱼体内不同组织中有广泛表达,并且参与了草鱼抗呼肠孤病毒的过程。     

西安市土地覆被时空变化及驱动因子研究

利用遥感以及地理信息技术,获取并分析西安市主城区1988年、1995年及2006年三期土地覆被数据。结果表明:近20年来,西安市建设用地持续增加,2006年建设用地的面积是1988年的3.1倍,增加的用地主要来自城市周围耕地,其以每年13.68 km2的速度在减少。1988年到1995年,建设用地增加了68.65%,耕地减少了15.23%,城市为填缝式发展;1995年到2006年,建设用地增加了80.77%,耕地减少了25.6%,交通用地大面积增加,城市为向外扩张式发展。根据土地利用/覆被变化转移矩阵分析,1988年到1995年以及1995年到2006年农用地转化为建设用地的面积分别为107.99 km2以及173.23 km2。城市化驱动因子主要是政策导向以及经济发展,另外,家庭结构的变化也是主要驱动因子之一。     

Susceptibility of intercrops to infection with Rhizoctonia solani AG 2‐2 IIIB and influence on subsequently cultivated sugar beet

The susceptibility of intercrop species (Raphanus sativus, Brassica juncea, B. rapa, Sinapis alba and Phacelia tanacetifolia) to the sugar beet pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated in vitro, in the greenhouse and in the field with artificial inoculation. Disease severity in subsequently cultivated sugar beet was monitored in the field. Differences in susceptibility between species were found to be consistent in all experimental systems. All intercrop species were susceptible to R. solani. Brassica rapa and R. sativus were less susceptible than P. tanacetifolia. Compared to fallow, the cultivation of B. rapa and R. sativus reduced disease severity in subsequently grown sugar beet (median ratings of up to 3·0 and 3·5, respectively, depending on environmental conditions). This resulted in higher white sugar yield compared to fallow (up to 210% and 157% for B. rapa and R. sativus, respectively). This study demonstrates that in vitro and greenhouse resistance tests are suitable systems to predict the effects of intercrop species susceptibility in the field on disease severity and white sugar yield in subsequently grown sugar beet. Intercrop breeding programmes might profit from fast and efficient screening tests to provide Rhizoctonia‐resistant intercrops as an additional control measure against R. solani in sugar beet.     

VC对草鱼成鱼生长、肌肉品质及血清非特异性免疫的影响

以VC磷酸酯为VC源,配制VC添加量分别为0mg/kg(对照组)、100mg/kg、200mg/kg的3组实用饲料,喂养体重(614.9±60.5)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)60d,探讨VC对草鱼成鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和血清非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加VC100mg/kg或200mg/kg,均可显著提高草鱼增重率(P<0.05),降低饲料系数(P<0.05);草鱼肌肉胶原蛋白含量、肌纤维直径和肝脏VC含量随VC添加量的增加而增加(P<0.05);饲料中VC添加量≥100mg/kg后,血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05),VC添加量达200mg/kg后,血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著提高(P<0.05);各组间血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。上述研究表明,实用饲料中添加VC能促进草鱼成鱼生长,改善肌肉品质,增强机体非特异性免疫力。以生长性能为指标,草鱼成鱼饲料中适宜的VC添加量为100mg/kg。     

Yield losses of soybean and maize by competition with interseeded cover crops and weeds in organic-based cropping systems

Weed management is a major issue in organic farming systems. Although interseeding cover crops is one alternative to herbicides, cover crops often suppress not only weeds but also main crops. Therefore, using cover crops for weed control without adverse effects on main crop growth is important. To verify the effect of cover crops on competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds in a snowy-cold region, main crops soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in 2005 and maize (Zea mays L.) in 2006 were grown with cover crops winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), respectively. The cover crops were sown on three sowing dates: before main crop planting (Pre-MC), on the same date of main crop planting (Syn-MC) and after main crop planting (Post-MC). A plot without cover crops (Sole-MC) was used as a control. The dry weight (DW), vegetation cover ratio (VCR), vertical community structure and chlorophyll content were measured to estimate the competition between main crops, cover crops and weeds. Weed DW was suppressed significantly by sowing cover crops in both soybean and maize. This weed suppression was associated with the increase of VCR of main crops plus cover crops at the early growth stage of main crops. Soil seed banks of dominant weed also became lower by sowing cover crops, implying the importance of proper weed management for suppressing weeds successively. In addition, the sowing dates of cover crops had large effects on main crops DW especially in maize, i.e., it was significantly lower in Pre-MC and Syn-MC than in Post-MC. Although the cover crop height was markedly shorter than the main crop height, the chlorophyll content of the main crops was significantly lower when cover crops were sown earlier. These results suggest that the growth inhibition of main crops by cover crops was partly caused by competition for nutrients between main crops and cover crops, and this growth inhibition was alleviated when cover crops were sown after the establishment of main crops. Consequently, soybean yield was the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 29%, 18% and 7% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively, and maize yield was also the highest in Post-MC and decreased by 68%, 100% and 24% in Sole-MC, Pre-MC and Syn-MC, respectively. It was concluded that weeds could be controlled effectively by sowing cover crops after planting main crops in organic farming systems in a snowy-cold region.     

Pathogenicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stemphylium vesicarium</Emphasis> from different hosts causing brown spot in pear

Stemphylium vesicarium (teleomorph: Pleospora herbarum) is the causal agent of brown spot disease in pear. The species is also able to cause disease in asparagus, onion and other crops. Saprophytic growth of the fungus on plant debris is common. The objective of this study was to investigate whether isolates of S. vesicarium from different hosts can be pathogenic to pear. More than hundred isolates of Stemphylium spp. were obtained from infected pear fruits, dead pear leaves, dead grass leaves present in pear orchard lawns as well as from necrotic leaf parts of asparagus and onion. Only isolates originating from pear orchards, including isolates from dead grass leaves, were pathogenic on pear leaves or fruits in bioassays. Non-pathogenic isolates were also present in pear orchards. Stemphylium vesicarium from asparagus or onion, with one exception, were not pathogenic to pear. Analysis of the genetic variation between isolates using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) showed significant concordance with host plants. Isolates from asparagus or onion belonged to clusters separate from the cluster with isolates from pear or grass leaves collected in pear orchards. Multilocus sequencing of a subset of isolates showed that such isolates were similar to S. vesicarium.     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的原代培养(英文)

[Objective] To investigate the feasibility of the primary culture of bovine mammary epithelial cells in biochemical incubator. [Method] In vitro, bovine mammary epithelial cells were isolated and cultured by the tissue explant method in order to investigate the optimal culture conditions. The morphology observation and identification of the cultured cells were performed by inverted microscope observation, Giemsa staining and cytokeratin immunohistochemistry. [Result] Observed with inverted microscope, most of the bovine mammary epithelial cells were polygonal and displayed typical slabstone-like appearance. As it can be seen from cell staining results, the cell body was big and the nucleus was stained dark blue and was round or oval in shape, with clearly visible nucleoli, generally 2-4 nucleoli. The tissue-specific expression of cytokeratin 14 and cytokeratin 18 genes in mammary epithelial cells was identified by cytokeratin immunohistochemistry. [Conclusion] Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells were successfully cultured in biochemical incubator.